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Abstract
Five paradigms of forest management are presented: Mining; 'Sustainable'
Cropping; Multiple Use & 'Sustainable' Yield, Ecosystem ('ecologically
sustainable') Management; and Preservation. Each is underpinned by a set of
human values, and implicit assumptions about economy, society and the
environment. These five paradigms are critically examined with reference to
two trends: one national and one international.
From the 1980s, New Zealand forest management moved strongly toward an
allocative model advocating the segregation of forests managed with the
thesis of resourcism, from those managed with resourcism's antithesis,
preservationism.
Internationally, the significant trends are in opposition to the New
Zealand model with the emergence of: landscape ecology, human ecology,
environmental history; civic environmentalism; the rights and perspectives
of indigenous peoples; a paradigm shift in ecology, ecosystem management
and the increasing application of a socio-ecological systems perspective in
policy. These trends emphasise integration rather than segregation.
Both the Ecosystem Management (ecologically sustainable) paradigm and a
modified Multiple Use/Sustainable Yield paradigm will rise in significance
with the continuing development of these trends. 
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