Page 1 

 Page 2 

 Page 3 

 Page 4 

|

 Page 5 

|

 Page 6 

|

 Page 8 

|

 Page 9 

 Page 10 

1. For discussions over the significance of these various factors, see Keohanne, R, After Hegemony: Cooperation and Discord in the World political Economy, Princeton University Press, 1984 and Haas, P, "Knowledge, Power and International Policy Coordination", Special Issue of International Organization, 46( 1), pp. 1-390, 1992
2. Young, O, A Aggarval, L. King, A. Underdal and M Wasson: "Institutional dimensions of Global Environmental Change (IDGEC), Science Plan, International Human Dimensions Programme og Global Environmental Change (IHDP), Report No 9, Bonn, 1999.
3. There are some 40 members of the IWC but the number of participating countries is usually in the low 30s, making it an extremely small global organization.
4. All of these used to be whaling nations but now many of them are actively involved in whale watching activities. Some of the developing countries are 'swingers'; they do not belong firmly to one camp or the other.
5. For an account of the pattern of participation within the IWC, see Andresen, S, "The making and implementation of whaling policies: Does participation make a difference?", in Victor et. al. (eds.), The implementation and Effectiveness of International Environmental Commitments, MIT Press, pp. 431-475, 1998.
6. See Hovelsrud-Broda in this volume.
7. Russia has been a somewhat unpredictable player in recent years. As Greenland and the Faeroes are not independent nations they are not members of the IWC.
8. This section, as well as some other elements of this paper, is from Andresen, S, "The International Whaling Regime: Order at the Turn of the century?", in Vidas, D and W Østreng (eds.), Order for the Oceans at the Turn of the Century, Kluwer Law International, pp. 215-228, 1999.
9. Minke whales are taken by Norway. This is a species they generally did not bother to catch in the 'good old days' due to its small size.
10. For a more extensive discussion of the effectiveness of the IWC, see Andresen, S, The effectiveness of the International Whaling Commission, Arctic 46( 2), 1993: 108-115 and Andresen, S, The International Whaling Commission: More Failure than Success?, in Miles, E, et al., Explaining Regime Effectiveness: Confronting Theory with Evidence, MIT Press, 2000 (forthcoming).
11. Victor, D, Whale Sausage: Why the Whaling Regime does not need fixing, in Friedheim, R, Towards a Sustainable Whaling Regime, Washington University Press, 2000 forthcoming).
12. For an elaboration of this point, see Andresen, S, The International Whaling Regime: "Good" institutions but "bad" politics?, in Friedheim, Towards a Sustainable Whaling Regime.
13. It is important to note, however, that US accepted aboriginal whaling as they still had aboriginal whalers. Soon thereafter this was also the official view of the IWC.
14. McDorman, T, Canada and Whaling, Ocean Development and International Law, 1998, p. 453.
15. The label 'green' is not very precise as animal right groups are not necessarily very green. However, the term is used for reasons of simplicity.
16. Gulland, J, The end of whaling, The New Scientist, 29 October, 120 (1636): 42-48.
17. As a result of the Stockholm Conference, the IWC finally got its own Secretariat, an example of a synergy between the two fora.
18. It is a paradox that the market for many of the products CITES try to protect is in the U.S. and other major countries.
19. Berney, J, CITES and international trade in whale products, in Petursdottir, G, (ed.), Whaling in the North Atlantic, Economic and Political Perspectives, Proceedings of a conference held in Reykjavik on March 1st 1997, Fisheries Research Institute, University of Iceland, University of Iceland Press, pp.-113.
20. For an elaboration, see Andresen, 1998.
21. For an elaboration, see Andresen, 1998 which includes a section on recent Norwegian whaling policy.
22. Based on participation at the 51^st IWC meeting in Grenada, 1999.
23. For an elaboration, see Schweder, T, Intrasigence, incompetence or political expediency? Dutch scientists in the in the IWC in the 1950s, University of Oslo, 1994.
24. Gambell, R, International management of whales and whaling: An historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling, Arctic, 46( 2): 97-107.
25. For further details on NAMMCO, see Hovelsrud-Broda in this volume.
26. For further details on the position of various key actors on NAMMCO, see Andresen, S, "NAMMCO, IWC and the Nordic Countries", in Whaling in the North Atlantic, G. Petursdottir (ed.), Fisheries Research Institute, University of Iceland, pp. 75-89.
27. The Norwegian delegation made clear that if IWC was moving in a more fundamentalist direction regarding the management of whales, NAMMCO was an alternative to Norway.
28. Whaling countries like Norway, Iceland, Canada and Japan are all members of the WTO, see McDorman, T, Iceland, Whaling and the US. Pelly Amendment: The International Trade Law Context, Nordic Journal of International Law, 66: 453-474, 1997.
29. McDorman, 1997.
30. Ibid., p. 469.
31. Berney, J, 1997: 10.
32. For further details, see the Norwegian proposal for transfer of Northeast Atlantic and North Atlantic Central stocks, to be presented at CoP11, Nairobi, 2000.